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Find people for webcam chat in our region based chat rooms. Easier to know people from your region/state.

What makes YesIChat so unique?

Benefits of our random online chatting site

What can you do chatting online?

Yes I Chat

YesIChat is one of the coolest chat sites to meet new people online randomly without having to register. You do one click to chat as guest(without registering), the process is really very minimal. YesIChat lets you join a number of chat rooms based on region and interests from around the globe. It is a free chat app and is available to everyone. Private chatting unlike other chat rooms website is a basic feature of YesIChat. You can chat with strangers, talk in private chats, send videos and pictures without spending a penny, all for free. YesIChat doesn't ask you for a phone number. Any user can use it to talk with strangers randomly. What else? Are you looking to chat with strangers near you? Try yesichat for free.
Yesichat keeps evolving to provide its users with the nicest chatting experience possible. We recently introduced an algorithm to allow every user that visits the site find someone to chat with. We do acknowledge the importance of previously introduced group chat rooms, they give a new face to the concept of chatting too but the downside of the previous approach was that not every user that attended the chat would get a chance to engage in an active/existing conversation. To get a reply in the first place from a user on other end seemed to make some users struggle. Since picking up on an existing conversation may not always be so easy for everyone and we finally understood the intensity of this situation. Thus, we invested time to bring a new approach that would instantly connect any user that joins yesichat to another user who is not sure of how to begin the chat or on what topic. We believe atleast 'What brings you here?' will let them begin their first conversation.
The motive of this new concept we call random chat is to allow every user to have a partner to make their online chatting worthwhile. We have taken steps to introduce automatic interests based on a user's landing page supposing that they had searched for something similar. What led us to this decision is the significance of building conversations based on interests rather than starting a completely random conversation where a user is not sure about what to do first. Often a completely random conversation ends at hi and asl and so it was necessary to develop a rather better approach of connecting people. We also show you contact suggestions other than just letting you do random chat to extend the possibilities of future conversations
We also keep your notified through push notifications so you never miss the chance to chat.

Free online chat rooms for all groups of people => Men, Women, teens, boys and girls

Try online chatting with randoms using the random chat rooms feature. Our chatting website provides you with costless access to free random chatrooms to meet up with random boys or girls. At the free chat rooms you get to meet up with users or strangers from USA, UK, Asia, Australia, Spain, Puerto Rico and other countries. Talking to a stranger can be of great value and a good way to pass your time with not requiring you to login or sign up. You got it right, YesIChat does not require you to login or sign up with your email or phone number. To start chatting any user is required to only choose a nickname and click Start Chatting Now to chat as guest without having to register. Its that easy to chat at us. We here have kept a consideration of everything that you needed to conduct a successful conversation. Meeting up new people and being friends with them is easy now, you can exchange pictures, share your favorite videos, instantly. There are a lot of ways to find and meet strangers, but YesIChat could be one of your best choice. Your chats are completely anonymous. Start making friends today.

No login or Sign Up

We offer you the best chat rooms without registration. Try our online chat rooms without registration. By using the onlince chat by location you will be able to focus your chat on region specific chat groups. 100% free chatting online to chat with friends. We know how much of value your time has. Thus, no registration or sign up is required to chat online at yesichat. You will not be asked to provide your email address. You can chat without providing email or any personal data. A click is enough to chat with random strangers. You are not required to register an account to chat online. Chatting could have never been this easy. Just one click is enough to start chatting without being required to register, there's no need for registration or sign up. Chat online without any id at yesichat for free. Yeichat is among the free chatting websites. Use online chat rooms for making friends.

Numbers of free local live online chat rooms for your phone

YesIChat is a free local chat app that lets you engage yourself in live chat with various other users who share a common interest such as yours. You can chat for free without having to download or going through the annoying registration processes and enjo the free trial of chat. YesIChat is trying to be among your favorite options for free chat sites. You can use our chat rooms online to connect, meet and make new friends whenever you want. online, free chat rooms are one of the greatest places to kill your free time as it lays the road to some of the most keen conversations that include topics related to our daily lives. There are numbers of free chat on the internet yet not all of them have enough options to engage users when they are bored, whereas us at YesIChat have various things for our users to do aside texting. Users can not only join various chat rooms but can also engage in video and voice chatting with international and local users, given they both the partners have each other's consent which make us a reliable online, free chat platform. Use our platform for chatting on your phone. We make one of the best sites to be used on your phone directly without having to download an app.

Video and Voice calling Features

We bring you chat rooms with voice calling features. The most important addition to any chat environment is the ability to interact not only through texts but also through visual means i.e. through video and voice calls. With the latest yesichat update users are now able to enjoy video and voice calling features with their friends in the chat with included moderation. The moderation requires the users to either be in each other's friend list or to have both their conversation open. The moderation is implied just for the case of avoiding random unwanted calls. The video and voice calling features are just like those you use on your native platform, like the calls on any android or ios device. With similarity in most popular available messengers, yesichat's calling features takes your chat room experience to a whole new level. The features are exempted of any price but still if any user wishes to show their support they may join our patreon network. We look forward to allow group video calls as soon as possible. The video and voice calling features are not limited to any channel and can be used in any user generated rooms or just by opening an existing conversation. Talk to asian, european, american and other people on video chat.

Creating your own chat rooms with yesichat

Create chat rooms with strangers you have become friends with and talk about common interests. Yesichat has been continuously working to bring together the experience of the chat rooms and social media platforms. Now with the new updates users are able to create their own rooms or networks/ channels whatever names you prefer. The process of creating your own channel is quite simple and can easily be done with the help of the step wise manual we provide. By creating your own channels you will be able to invite and grow your chat room the way you wish. Yesichat provides you with full control of management and moderation of your chat room. You can create more than hundred(100) chat rooms at the moment. We provide you with a special invite or route link you may use to invite your friends from any social media to your chat room directly. The direct link enables users to join your room directly from the signup page.

Instant Mobile-Friendly Chat Rooms

At times on several chat sites you might face issues regarding the compatibility of online chat site with your smartphone, handset model. Yesichat is 100% mobile friendly. Either an android phone or tablet or an iphone, regardless the type of device, yesichat chatrooms are compatible with all sorts of screen sizes and devices. Yesichat is a mobile online chat room which allows you to use our online chat facility on any platform, a big relief. A mobile chatting site is hard to find, a lot of chat sites claiming to be mobile online chat room are actually not responsive or mobile-friendly which makes it hard for to chat online in devices with smaller screen sizes. Our mobile chat rooms are capable of adjusting around your mobile phone devices and tablets. You need not download an app to use chat service, use any browser for free access to yesichat and meet new strangers, make new friends with just one click instantly. Use our instant chat rooms no registration to talk to strangers and make new friends.

Connect to the world

YesIChat chat rooms could be one of the best sites for you to meet up new strangers and like minded people. Talk to strangers and users from all over the globe, from different countries or could be your local, or from a neighbouring country. Imagine the fun you can have making new friends from all over the world. Try our free web chat and help yourself enjoy random chatting in online chat rooms.

Share images and videos in chat

We allow you to create and join chat rooms with picture sending facilities. Texting all day could get a bit boring. So, you can share images and videos while conversating with a stranger/ random user. Also there isn't any need to register in order to send pictures or videos as we allow guest chatting. The online chat service is for free for all the visitors. Start Chatting Now, start sharing picture and your favourite videos, make your conversation a powerful memorandum for your chat mates.

100% Free online mobile chat rooms

There's no cost leived on any user on this online chat for using our services. Our online chatting service is free to use for anyone from any country and the service will continue to be the same way. You can use our chat rooms for free forever. Start chatting now to make new friends. Meet men and women of all age groups as guest. Meet teens, boys and girls while chatting online in chat rooms and do not pay a single penny and do not remain single anymore ;).

Group Chat Rooms and Private Messaging

Aside from the public chat rooms which is the basic service we provide, you could use private messaging/ private chat rooms to extend your relationship with the stranger you have come to know. The only thing that has to be kept in concern is being polite. Yes, politeness aside coolness is the key for the start and success of your online relationship. So, start chatting as guest now.

Guest Chatting

Looking for free chats to meet people? Chatting at random chat sites is a trend now. We like moving to different chat rooms and not just stick to one. In such a case, being asked to register can be painful. So, here at yesichat its not required to register. We offer you guest chatting without registration. Just one click to start to chatting,yes, just one click is enough to start chatting at yesichat. Choose a desired username and start chatting with just one click. Start talking to strangers with just one click without registration as guest. We have cut down your pain of registration, you can start guest chatting in our guest group chat rooms without registration. No registration is needed to chat online at yesichat.

Freedom to chat online no download or registration

Many of us live a supressed real life. Chat Rooms are proving to be a great mode of relief for many people. Either you are a teen, an adult, women, men or from any age group, chat rooms were and will always be the best place to pass your time and forget your sorrows. Getting to know new people and sharing your emotions is very easy in an online chat room. The feeling of being anonymous gives you the freedom to speak of anything that lies within your heart. Now that we have introduced a feature that allows a user to add a shortcut to our browser app to their home screen on windows pc and android, you may try using the option to shorten the time period between finding and using the app(in case you forget the url/domain name or app name). The shortcut opens the app with one tap and imitates a dekstop app on desktop and android app on android, so its fairly easy to use(exactly similar) and is a browser so its secure on the other hand. Start chatting with strangers now with just one click, your new friends are waiting for you.

Online chat rooms with avatar

We let users create their own avatar and use them while chatting in the chat rooms. Chat rooms with avatars really gives a unique kind of taste to the conversations we are looking to take on. Who doesn't like colours? Everyone loves to be apart of colourful environment. Avatars in a chat room can be of great fun when you are bored of just texting all day. Along with sharing images and videos, you can upload your own avatar or profile image to attract new strangers. In group chat rooms the choice of avatar plays a vital role in impressing your co-chatters. A new addition has been made to advantage of using avatar in your daily chatting habit. With the new avatar update you will be able to use your avatar in various forms of stickers depicting/displaying at least 14 types of emotions(will be increased in later updates). Just one click to join the fun and start chatting.

Social, Clean and Decent Chatting website

Be social when you get to meet new people from USA, Canada, UK, Australia, Asia and other parts of the world. Be decent while you chat, your first impression determines it if you are going to have a good relation or going to be ignored. Talk with strangers in chat rooms to make new friends but make sure you always keep it clean, your decent and neat attitude will act as the ladder for your strong relationship with any user you meet. Once you make new friends you can make your own chat rooms with friends. At just one click you may start chatting without registration but you shall make sure not to be mean.

Mobile Phones, Tablet, Ipad and Friend list

The chat is a responsive one, either you are using an iphone, an android or a tablet, the chat acts like a mobile messenger on any platform on any browser. With friend list feature you can catch up with any of the user for a long-term relationship. You cannot always get into a relationship in just a day right? So, keeping that in mind, you can add the user or stranger that you had been talking to in your friend list and can chat with him or her whenever you wish, there would not be any chances of losing your company then. One click guest chat rooms without registration on mobile or tablet with friend list feature.

Random, Anonymous Chatting website

Many of us love to secure our anonymity, so there's nothing to worry about leaking your privacy, the chat neither asks you to register nor you have to give any of your private data all you have to do is choose a username or a nickname of your choice, enter as guest and start talking, chatting. Probably you wouldn't know any user on your first day if you're not a regular user. What to do then? Start with a hi, people sometimes feel awkward to talk to new people, that obvious, could be even your case, well if you did not like any user you may ignore him or her, its that simple. You are always secure and anonymous without having to go through any registration process. Chat as guest with just one click in our guest chat rooms without registration.

Mobile Phone Chat Rooms

Although I talked about yesichat being a mobile-friendly site earlier, I would like to explain it a bit more in detail here. A lot of chat room lovers look for one to one random chat for free. Yesichat isn't just a one to one random chat but a chat room especially for the mobile phones in other words yesichat is a collection of mobile phone chat rooms that doesn't just allow you to talk to strangers at random but is also an online chat facility to talk to people in mobile group chat rooms at the same time. Simply saying, yesichat is a mobile chatting site which a combo of the mobile random chat rooms and mobile group chat rooms in a single package. At our chatting site for mobile you not just chat one to one with people at random but can also talk to strangers about a certain topic or a random topic in group chat. In other words yesichat is a mobile chatting site that enables you to chat online with strangers using your mobile phones in group and one to one private chat rooms. We try to take your experience of phone chat online to another level.

Free Chat Rooms no registration needed

A chat room that's free is something that people demand the most. We do not paying for something we actually have no idea about, its awkward. Online chat is a free facility of yesichat. Online chat room is a good place to hangout in your leisures. You can also check our uk online chat rooms here Free chat roomsuk no registration. Aside being a free chat, an online chatting website has to make sure if its compatible with the mobile phones as the number of mobile phone users is increasing everyday. Many want to chat online without downloading a chat app or going through registration. Free chat no download or registration is no longer impossible. Chatting sites these days allow their users to use their chat directly without asking them to necessarily download any app. This drops off a big burden off the user. We do not want to give away our email id without knowing how an online chat site is. Yesichat values this feeling of chat room lovers and provides a mobile phone supporting chat platform that is free to use and no registration is required to chat online.

Free Yahoo like Chat Rooms

Yahoo chat rooms 2017 is a quite popular search term in google search results. Yahoo chat rooms were Marvelous and indeed a great time killer chat app. Recently people have been looking for yahoo chat rooms all over the web. Yahoo chat rooms are wonderful and if you are looking for some similar chat sites you could give us a try. Try our online chat rooms, no registration is needed chat online in our mobile chat rooms.

International Chat Rooms

Online chat rooms are a wonderful place to meet new people and talk to random people. We love to meet new people and chat online for free. Chat Rooms can bring about a collaboration among the variety of people all about the world. Online International chat rooms are a place to meet and to strangers/ people in a virtual environment. Talk to strangers and teens from usa here usa chat room withoutregistration to chat with friends from the states. The world is too large for a thousand people to stay in a room. This impossible subject is dealt easily by online chat rooms. International chat rooms allow people from all over the world to join a chatting site and talk to strangers from all over the globe at once. Random chat sites allow people to talk to other people from different parts of the world without registration, sign up or email id.

Teen Chat Rooms

A chatroom specially for the teenagers. Join the chat with teen boys and girls in random free online chat rooms. Teen chat for teenager online is meant to meet the requirements teens that are bored and looking to meet new teens from their local areas and around the world. Mobile online chatting for teens allows the teens to chat using their mobile phones. Welcome to the free chat rooms for teen. Also look for australia chat rooms without registration.

Talk with strangers

It is quite easy to begin your very first chat with a stranger on yesichat. When you join in with a username of your choice for the first time, you are presented with an option to start a 'Random Chat'. The option is for those who are new to the platform and aren't cosy with how to use and also for those who are fond of this kind of chatting. The significance of this option is that it connects you to a total stranger from anywhere around the world with the click of a button, making it simply easier for any newbie to the platform. Being the easiest of options to begin a chat it is also one of the most favorite ones(much liked by people who prefer temporary connections/conversations).
The fun in talking to a completely unknown person i.e.a stranger cannot be denied. Upon meeting a complete stranger we also gain the courage to share opinions and talk about matters we wouldn't usually discuss with anyone. Yesichat allows you to talk with strangers in a completely private conversation or if you wish to have a mass conversation that can be arranged as well through group messaging feature. With yesichat's available group and private chat rooms you can choose to either have a group conversation or a private conversation.

Ipad chat rooms

We like to hangout on various devices. We use devices of various resolutions and would still want our favorite chat site to deliver us the very same experience it did on the desktop. Yesichat's web app is capable of perfectly adjusting it on any screen size even if its your favorite ipad. Either if it is your ipad or your iphone you will still be able to enjoy yesichat's online chatting that too without having to download it on your local browser. That's the fun of chatting on yesichat. Welcome to the ipad compatible chat rooms website.

Free chat room websites

Chatting on a free website is always fun since you are not going to risk your money. Among the best free chat room websites yesichat's thrives to be one among the most popular ones. Yesichat is a free chat rooms website for chatters of all age groups and is free to use without any registration or sign up. Yesichat is a no registration chat room and a free cyber chatroom if you are looking for one. Jump into our live chat room and start making new friends. The perefct use of yesichat can make it into the list of the best social chat rooms for you.

Adult Chat Rooms

When thousands of people from United States of America (USA), Australia, Canada, United Kingdom(UK), Germany and many more use yesichat's adult chat rooms to make new friends you can too. Make the best utilization of what we have to offer join any of the chat rooms on our website and try making some new friends and meeting some new people. Its only about a matter of time that you will find someone just like you are looking for.

Gay Chat Rooms

When thousands of people from United States of America (USA), Australia, Canada, United Kingdom(UK), Germany and many more use yesichat's gay chat rooms to make new friends you can too. Make the best utilization of what we have to offer join any of the chat rooms on our website and try making some new friends and meeting some new people. Its only about a matter of time that you will find someone just like you are looking for. We will be overwhelmed to have you in our gay chat room's online community.

Free Dating Site

Looking for free dating sites? There's a lot of free dating online chat on internet. Yesichat also provides free dating service online. Online dating sites also offer free online chatting. There are a lot of dating sites out there on internet right now but you can't just rely on any without giving it a try for atleast a week. Paying to get a date can most of the times be risky as you cannot be sure if you are really going to get a match. There's no guarantee that after you paid the sum you will actually have someone to love for the rest of your life. In other words, what I have been trying to say is you should give the free dating sites like yesichat a try where you don't just get matched with someone but you actually have a lot of people to choose from. For example if you are from somewhere in the USA, UK, Australia, Canada or Germany you could get to meet a variety of people from the very region you are looking for. Group chatting and private chat rooms can make your dating experience actually a fun thing when you can meet new people, make new friends and get to know people at the same time. Upon knowing new people you could also come to find someone who is just like the one you have been looking for all this. You can be the part of dating games with lowest of risks and be a part of less flirting community that flirts only as much as the situation demands.

What are online chat rooms for?

According to a yesichat's user : There's currently. no real purpose to any of the rooms. People aren't consciously working on anything specific, together. Even names/descriptions of rooms isn't unifying in motive goal. Doesn't actually make anyone feel like they're a part of or working on something bigger... or like they are doing anything of real importance/value.
Currently. A lot of people feel guilty in part for using chat rooms coz they get told they are procrastinating, should be doing something productive, they're being lazy, the Internet is an addiction etc. So a lot of people while being here are also dealing with guilt for being here.
And. A lot of people use spaces like these to 'escape' from the community (groups of people) around them because they don't know how to deal with whatever trauma or isolation they feel while being with in and around their own physically close communities.
So, If that's what a lot of people are doing here... why not have a dedicated space or spaces for community/group building and communication studies with dispute resolution studies etc.
Subjects they can research together and use in their immediate circles as well whether school, work, family, friends, relationships, improving their communication skills learning to actively identify problems in communication etc.
Sort of like a self organising study group given a subject to focus on that's relevant to their daily lives. Researchers may also feel welcome coz I saw some research papers on chatrooms studying disputes and one detailing aversion to researchers being present, as a caution to other researchers and research institutes.

Stranger meetup chat rooms

Meeting strangers online has become part of a lot of people's lives. Stranger meetup chat rooms give a fine platform for those users who are looking to chat online with users from various destinations of the world anonymously. It is quite a trend and there are a lot of websites that have been offering this service for free. Yesichat too is one of those unique websites that lets a user meet another user randomly in online chat rooms. The process is very simple as usual. A user has to choose a username and can enter the chat and begin random chatting with other users within 10 seconds. Chat with someone from anywhere in stranger meetup chat rooms.

Chat rooms for desktop or pc

We give you an amazing experience on your desktop or pc by letting you connect with the users online through mobile devices. You can access our chat rooms on desktop browser just like you did on your phone. A proper user interface with easier navigation to help you easily chat with new people. You get to use all the features available for the mobile device users on your desktop and some additional features like pinned messages or tagged message. So if you have been looking for chat rooms to use on your pc or desktop in browser or install an app to do the same you could give yesichat a try. Meet thousands of people everyday and make new friends in a chat rooms that were made just for you.

How to let everyone else know that you are there?

For your help and guidance, we have setup a blog that could be helpful makingyourfirst move into the online chat without registration as guest.

Questionsto make your chat Interesting in chat room

Be bold, clear and polite. Make the first move, impress your partner.

A few rules that need to be considered while chatting online.

Know Our Story

Get to know us Who are we? and our story.

Need help? Check out help page.

Don't know how to start? Check out the help page for basic knowledge about the chat, contactchatroom moderators for help

Munich (/ˈmjuːnɪk/; German: München, pronounced [ˈmʏnçən]( listen),^[2]Bavarian: Minga) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Bavaria. It is located on the River Isar north of the Bavarian Alps. Munich is the third largest city in Germany, after Berlin and Hamburg. About 1.5 million ^[3] people live within the city limits. Its inhabitants are sometimes called Munichers in English.

Its native name, München, is derived from the Old High GermanMunichen, meaning 'by the monks' place'. The city's name derives from the monks of the Benedictine order who founded the city; hence the monk depicted on the city's coat of arms. Black and gold—the colours of the Holy Roman Empire—have been the city's official colours since the time of Ludwig the Bavarian. Munich was first mentioned in 1158. From 1255 the city was seat of the Bavarian Dukes, it was an imperial residence from 1328 and in 1506 became the sole capital of Bavaria. Munich was the host city of the 1972 Summer Olympics. Munich is home to many national and international authorities and major universities, major museums and theaters. Its numerous architectural attractions, international sports events, exhibitions and conferences and the Munich Oktoberfest combine to attract considerable tourism.^[4] The city's motto is 'München mag dich' (Munich loves you).^[5] Before 2006, it was 'Weltstadt mit Herz' (Cosmopolitan city with a heart).

Modern Munich is a financial and publishing hub, and a frequently top-ranked destination for migration and expatriate location in livability rankings. Munich achieved 4th place in frequently quoted Mercer livability rankings in 2011^[6] and 2012.^[7] Munich is one of the economically most successful and fastest growing cities in Germany and the seat of numerous corporations and insurance companies. For economic and social innovation, the city was ranked 15th globally out of 289 cities in 2010, and 5th in Germany by the 2thinknow Innovation Cities Index based on analysis of 162 indicators.^[8] In 2010, Monocle ranked Munich as the world's most livable city (in 2012, Munich was ranked fifth in Monocle's ranking, yet remained the highest ranked city in Germany).^[9]

• 1History
• 2Geography
• 6Architecture
• 7Sports
• 8Culture
• 10Scientific research institutions
• 11Economy
• 12Transportation
• 15Famous people

History[]

Origin as medieval town[]

The year 1158 is assumed to be the foundation date, which is the earliest date the city is mentioned in a document. The document was signed in Augsburg.^[10] By that time the GuelphHenry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, had built a bridge over the river Isar next to a settlement of Benedictine monks—this was on the Old Salt Route and a toll bridge.

In 1175, Munich was officially granted city status and received fortification. In 1180, with the trial of Henry the Lion, Otto I Wittelsbach became Duke of Bavaria and Munich was handed over to the Bishop of Freising. (Wittelsbach's heirs, the Wittelsbach dynasty, would rule Bavaria until 1918.) In 1240, Munich was transferred to Otto II Wittelsbach and in 1255, when the Duchy of Bavaria was split in two, Munich became the ducal residence of Upper Bavaria.

Duke Louis IV was elected German king in 1314 and crowned as Holy Roman Emperor in 1328. He strengthened the city's position by granting it the salt monopoly, thus assuring it of additional income. In the late 15th century Munich underwent a revival of gothic arts—the Old Town Hall was enlarged, and Munich's largest gothic church, now a cathedral—the Frauenkirche—constructed in only twenty years, starting in 1468.

Capital of reunited Bavaria[]

When Bavaria was reunited in 1506, Munich became its capital. The arts and politics became increasingly influenced by the court (see Orlando di Lasso, Heinrich Schuetz and later Mozart and Richard Wagner). During the 16th century Munich was a centre of the German counter reformation, and also of renaissance arts. Duke Wilhelm V commissioned the Jesuit Michaelskirche, which became a centre for the counter-reformation, and also built the Hofbräuhaus for brewing brown beer in 1589.The Catholic League was founded in Munich in 1609.In 1623 during the Thirty Years' War Munich became electoral residence when Maximilian I, Duke of Bavaria was invested with the electoral dignity but in 1632 the city was occupied by Gustav II Adolph of Sweden. When the bubonic plague broke out in 1634 and 1635 about one third of the population died. Under the regency of the Bavarian electors Munich was an important centre of baroque life but also had to suffer under Habsburg occupations in 1704 and 1742.

In 1806, the city became the capital of the new Kingdom of Bavaria, with the state's parliament (the Landtag) and the new archdiocese of Munich and Freising being located in the city. Twenty years later Landshut University was moved to Munich. Many of the city's finest buildings belong to this period and were built under the first three Bavarian kings. Later Prince Regent Luitpold's years as regent were marked by tremendous artistic and cultural activity in Munich (see Franz von Stuck and Der Blaue Reiter).

World War I to World War II[]

Following the outbreak of World War I in 1914, life in Munich became very difficult, as the Allied blockade of Germany led to food and fuel shortages. During French air raids in 1916, three bombs fell on Munich.After World War I, the city was at the centre of much political unrest. In November 1918 on the eve of revolution, Ludwig III and his family fled the city. After the murder of the first republican premier of BavariaKurt Eisner in February 1919 by Anton Graf von Arco auf Valley, the Bavarian Soviet Republic was proclaimed. When Communists had taken power, Lenin, who had lived in Munich some years before, sent a congratulatory telegram, but the Soviet Republic was put down on 3 May 1919 by the Freikorps. While the republican government had been restored, Munich subsequently became a hotbed of extremist politics, among which Adolf Hitler and the National Socialism rose to prominence.

In 1923 Hitler and his supporters, who were then concentrated in Munich, staged the Beer Hall Putsch, an attempt to overthrow the Weimar Republic and seize power. The revolt failed, resulting in Hitler's arrest and the temporary crippling of the Nazi Party, which was virtually unknown outside Munich.

The city once again became a Nazi stronghold when the National Socialists took power in Germany in 1933. The National Socialist Workers Party created their first concentration camp at Dachau, 10 miles (16 kilometres) north-west of the city. Because of its importance to the rise of National Socialism, Munich was referred to as the Hauptstadt der Bewegung ('Capital of the Movement'). The NSDAP headquarters was in Munich and many Führerbauten ('Führer-buildings') were built around the Königsplatz, some of which have survived to this day.

The city is known as the site of the culmination of the policy of appeasement employed by Britain and France leading up to World War II. It was in Munich that British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain assented to the annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland region into Greater Germany in the hopes of sating the desires of Hitler's Third Reich.

Munich was the base of the White Rose, a student resistance movement from June 1942 to February 1943. The core members were arrested and executed following a distribution of leaflets in Munich University by Hans and Sophie Scholl.

The city was heavily damaged by allied bombing during World War II — the city was hit by 71 air raids over a period of five years.

Postwar[]

After US occupation in 1945, Munich was completely rebuilt following a meticulous and — by comparison to other war-ravaged West German cities— rather conservative plan which preserved its pre-war street grid. In 1957 Munich's population passed the 1 million mark.

Munich was the site of the 1972 Summer Olympics, during which Israeli athletes were assassinated by Palestinian fedayeen in the Munich massacre, when gunmen from the Palestinian 'Black September' group took hostage members of the Israeli Olympic team.

Most Munich residents enjoy a high quality of life. Mercer HR Consulting consistently rates the city among the top 10 cities with the highest quality of life worldwide — a 2011 survey ranked Munich as 4th.^[11] The same company also ranks Munich as the world's 39th most expensive city to live in and the most expensive major city in Germany.^[12] Munich enjoys a thriving economy, driven by the information technology, biotechnology, and publishing sectors. Environmental pollution is low, although as of 2006 the city council is concerned about levels of particulate matter (PM), especially along the city's major thoroughfares. Since the enactment of EU legislation concerning the concentration of particulate in the air, environmental groups such as Greenpeace have staged large protest rallies to urge the city council and the State government to take a harder stance on pollution.^[13]

Today, the crime rate is low compared to other large German cities, such as Hamburg or Berlin. This high quality of life and safety has caused the city to be nicknamed 'Toytown' among the English-speaking residents. German inhabitants call it 'Millionendorf', an expression which means 'village of a million people'.

Geography[]

Munich lies on the elevated plains of Upper Bavaria, about 50 km (31.07 mi) north of the northern edge of the Alps, at an altitude of about 520 m (1,706.04 ft) ASL. The local rivers are the Isar and the Würm.Munich is situated in the Northern Alpine Foreland. The northern part of this sandy plateau includes a highly fertile flint area which is no longer affected by the folding processes found in the Alps, while the southern part is covered with morainic hills. Between these are fields of fluvio-glacial out-wash, such as around Munich. Wherever these deposits get thinner, the ground water can permeate the gravel surface and flood the area, leading to marshes as in the north of Munich.

Climate[]

The city of Munich is classified in the Köppen classification as Cfb / Dfb (Oceanic / Humid continental climate). It is almost directly on the edge of two classifications, however, with the Dfb (Humid Continental Warm Summer Subtype) climate zone just to the east of the city.

The warmest month of the year, on average, is July. The coolest month of the year, on average, is January.

Showers and thunderstorms bring the highest average monthly precipitation totals in late spring and throughout the summer. June, on average, records the most precipitation of any month. The winter months tend to bring lower precipitation, on average, and February averages the least amount of monthly precipitation for the year.

The higher elevation of Munich and the proximity of the Alps play a significant role on the climate, causing the city to have more rain and snow than many other parts of Germany. The Alps affect the city's climate in other ways, as well, including a warm downhill wind from the Alps (föhn wind), which can raise temperatures sharply within a few hours, even in the winter.

The location of Munich at the center of Europe dictates that many climatic factors impact the city, making for fluctuating weather conditions more often than in other locations on the continent, particularly compared with areas further west and those south of the Alps.

At Munich's official weather station, the highest and lowest temperatures ever measured are 37.1 C˚, on 13 August 2003, and -30.5 C˚, on 21 January 1942.

Demographics[]

In July 2007, Munich had 1.34 million inhabitants; 300,129 of those did not hold German citizenship. The city has strong Turkish and Balkan communities. The largest groups of foreign nationals were Turks (43,309), Albanians (30,385), Croats (24,866), Serbs (24,439), Greeks (22,486), Austrians (21,411), and Italians (20,847). 37% of foreign nationals come from the European Union.

With 24,000 inhabitants in 1700, the population doubled about every 30 years. For example, it had 100,000 people in 1852 and then 250,000 people in 1883; by 1901, the figure had doubled again to 500,000. Since then, Munich has become Germany's third largest city. In 1933, 840,901 inhabitants were counted and in 1957, Munich's population passed the 1 million mark.

49.3% of Munich's residents are not affiliated with any religious group, and this ratio represents the fastest growing segment of the population. As in the rest of Germany, the Roman Catholic and Protestant churches have experienced a continuous, slow decline in their memberships. As of 31 December 2010, 36.8% of the city's inhabitants were Roman Catholic, 13.6% Protestant, and 0.3% Jewish.^[15] There is also a small Old Catholic parish and an English-speaking parish of the Episcopal Church in the city.^[16] There are also a significant number of Muslims living in Munich.

Politics[]

Munich's current mayor is Christian Ude of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. Munich has been governed by the SPD for all but six years since 1948. This is remarkable because Bavaria—and particularly southern Bavaria—has long been a conservative stronghold, with the Christian Social Union winning absolute majorities among the Bavarian electorate in many elections at the communal, state, and federal levels. Bavaria's second city, Nuremberg, is also one of the very few Bavarian cities governed by a SPD-led coalition.

Munich is currently governed by a coalition of the SPD, the Greens and the Rosa Liste (Pink List, a gay rights party).

As the capital of the Free State of Bavaria, Munich is an important political centre in Germany and the seat of the Bavarian State Parliament, the Staatskanzlei (the State Chancellery) and of all state departments.

Several national and international authorities are located in Munich, including the Federal Finance Court of Germany and the European Patent Office.

Subdivisions[]

Since the administrative reform in 1992, Munich is divided into 25 boroughs or Stadtbezirke.

Allach-Untermenzing (23), Altstadt-Lehel (1), Aubing-Lochhausen-Langwied (22), Au-Haidhausen (5), Berg am Laim (14), Bogenhausen (13), Feldmoching-Hasenbergl (24), Hadern (20), Laim (25), Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt (2), Maxvorstadt (3), Milbertshofen-Am Hart (11), Moosach (10), Neuhausen-Nymphenburg (9), Obergiesing (17), Pasing-Obermenzing (21), Ramersdorf-Perlach (16), Schwabing-Freimann (12), Schwabing-West (4), Schwanthalerhöhe (8), Sendling (6), Sendling-Westpark (7), Thalkirchen-Obersendling-Forstenried-Fürstenried-Solln (19), Trudering-Riem (15) and Untergiesing-Harlaching (18).

Architecture[]

The city is an inspiring mix of historic buildings and impressive architecture, since Munich reconstructed the ruins of their historic buildings but also created new landmarks of architecture. A survey, conducted by the Society's Center for Sustainable Destinations for the National Geographic Traveler, chose over 100 historic places around the world and ranked Munich as the 30th best destination.^[17]

The inner city[]

At the centre of the city is the Marienplatz—a large open square named after the Mariensäule, a Marian column in its centre—with the Old and the New Town Hall. Its tower contains the Rathaus-Glockenspiel. Three gates of the demolished medieval fortification have survived to this day—the Isartor in the east, the Sendlinger Tor in the south and the Karlstor in the west of the inner city. The Karlstor leads up to the Stachus, a grand square dominated by the Justizpalast (Palace of Justice) and a fountain.

The Peterskirche close to Marienplatz is the oldest church of the inner city. It was first built during the Romanesque period, and was the focus of the early monastic settlement in Munich before the city's official foundation in 1158. Nearby St. Peter the Gothic hall-church Heiliggeistkirche (The Church of the Holy Spirit) was converted to baroque style from 1724 onwards and looks down upon the Viktualienmarkt, the most popular market of Munich.

The Frauenkirche is the most famous building in the city centre and serves as the cathedral for the Archdiocese of Munich and Freising.The nearby Michaelskirche is the largest renaissance church north of the Alps, while the Theatinerkirche is a basilica in Italianate high baroque which had a major influence on Southern German baroque architecture. Its dome dominates the Odeonsplatz. Other baroque churches in the inner city which are worth a detour are the Bürgersaalkirche, the Dreifaltigkeitskirche, the St. Anna Damenstiftskirche and St. Anna im Lehel, the first rococo church in Bavaria. The Asamkirche was endowed and built by the Brothers Asam, pioneering artists of the rococo period.

The large Residenz palace complex (begun in 1385) on the edge of Munich's Old Town ranks among Europe's most significant museums of interior decoration. Having undergone several extensions, it contains also the treasury and the splendid rococo Cuvilliés Theatre. Next door to the Residenz the neo-classical opera, the National Theatre was erected. Among the baroque and neoclassical mansions which still exist in Munich are the Palais Porcia, the Palais Preysing, the Palais Holnstein and the Prinz-Carl-Palais. All mansions are situated close to the Residenz, same as the Alte Hof, a medieval castle and first residence of the Wittelsbach dukes in Munich.

The inner city has been recreated^[18] in the virtual world of Second Life and can be visited for a virtual sight seeing tour.

The royal avenues and squares[]

Four grand royal avenues of the 19th century with magnificent official buildings connect Munich's inner city with the suburbs:

The neoclassical Briennerstrasse, starting at Odeonsplatz on the northern fringe of the Old Town close to the Residenz, runs from east to west and opens into the impressive Königsplatz, designed with the 'Doric' Propyläen, the 'Ionic' Glyptothek and the 'Corinthian' State Museum of Classical Art, on its back side St. Boniface's Abbey was erected. The area around Königsplatz is home to the Kunstareal, Munich's gallery and museum quarter (as described below).

Ludwigstrasse also begins at Odeonsplatz and runs from south to north, skirting the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, the St. Louis church, the Bavarian State Library and numerous state ministries and palaces. The southern part of the avenue was constructed in Italian renaissance style while the north is strongly influenced by Italian Romanesque architecture.

The neo-Gothic Maximilianstraße starts at Max-Joseph-Platz, where the Residenz and the National Theatre are situated, and runs from west to east. The avenue is framed by neo-Gothic buildings which house, among others, the Schauspielhaus and the Building of the district government of Upper Bavaria and the Museum of Ethnology. After crossing the river Isar, the avenue circles the Maximilianeum, home of the state parliament. The western portion of Maximilianstraße is known for its designer shops, luxury boutiques, jewellery stores, and one of Munich's foremost five-star hotels, the Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten.

Prinzregentenstrasse runs parallel to Maximilianstraße and begins at Prinz-Carl-Palais. Many museums can be found along the avenue, such as the Haus der Kunst, the Bavarian National Museum and the Schackgalerie. The avenue crosses the Isar and circles the Friedensengel monument passing the Villa Stuck and Hitler's old apartment. The Prinzregententheater is at Prinzregentenplatz further to the east.

Other boroughs[]

Two large baroque palaces in Nymphenburg and Oberschleissheim are reminders of Bavaria's royal past. Schloss Nymphenburg (Nymphenburg Palace), some 6 km (4 mi) north west of the city centre, is surrounded by an impressive park and is considered to be one of Europe's most beautiful royal residences. 2 km (1 mi) north west of Nymphenburg Palace is Schloss Blutenburg (Blutenburg Castle), an old ducal country seat with a late-Gothic palace church. Schloss Fürstenried (Fürstenried Palace), a baroque palace of similar structure to Nymphenburg but of much smaller size, was erected around the same time in the south west of Munich. The second large baroque residence is Schloss Schleissheim (Schleissheim Palace), located in the suburb of Oberschleissheim, a palace complex encompassing three separate residences: Altes Schloss Schleissheim (the old palace), Neues Schloss Schleissheim (the new palace) and Schloss Lustheim (Lustheim Palace). Most parts of the palace complex serve as museums and art galleries. Deutsches Museum's Flugwerft Schleissheim flight exhibition centre is located nearby, on the Schleissheim Special Landing Field. The Bavaria statue before the neo-classical Ruhmeshalle is a monumental, bronze sand-cast 19th-century statue at Theresienwiese. The Grünwald castle is the only medieval castle in the Munich area which still exisists.

St Michael in Berg am Laim might be the most remarkable church out of the inner city. Most of the boroughs have parish churches which originate from the Middle Ages like the most famous church of pilgrimage in Munich St Mary in Ramersdorf. The oldest church within the city borders is Heilig Kreuz in Fröttmaning next to the Allianz-Arena, known for its Romanesque fresco.Especially in its suburbs, Munich features a wide and diverse array of modern architecture, although strict culturally sensitive height limitations for buildings have limited the construction of skyscrapers to avoid a loss of views to the distant Bavarian Alps. Most high-rise buildings are clustered at the northern edge of Munich in the skyline, like the Hypo-Haus, the Arabella High-Rise Building, the Highlight Towers, Uptown Munich, Münchner Tor and the BMW Headquarters next to the Olympic Park. Several other high-rise buildings are located near the city centre and on the Siemens campus in southern Munich. A landmark of modern Munich is also the architecture of the sport stadiums (as described below).

In Fasangarten is the former McGraw Kaserne, a former U.S. army base, near Stadelheim Prison.

Parks[]

Munich is a green city with numerous parks. The Englischer Garten, close to the city centre and covering an area of 3.7 km² (1.4 sq mi) (larger than Central Park in New York), is one of the world's largest urban public parks, and contains a nudist area, jogging tracks and bridle-paths. It was designed and laid out by Benjamin Thompson, Count of Rumford, for both pleasure and as a work area for the city's vagrants and homeless. Nowadays it is entirely a park with a Biergarten at the Chinese Pagoda.

Other large green spaces are the modern Olympiapark, Westpark, and the parks of Nymphenburg Palace (with the Botanischer Garten München-Nymphenburg to the north), and Schleissheim Palace. The city's oldest park is the Hofgarten, near the Residenz, and dating back to the 16th century. Best known for the largest beergarden in the town is the former royal Hirschgarten, founded in 1780 for deer which still live there.

The city's zoo is the Tierpark Hellabrunn near the Flaucher Island in the Isar in the south of the city. Another notable park is Ostpark, located in Perlach-Ramersdorf area which houses the swimming area, Michaelibad, one of the largest in Munich.

Sports[]

Football[]

Munich is home to several professional football teams including Bayern Munich, Germany's most successful club and a multiple UEFA Champions League winner. The Munich area currently has three clubs: Bayern Munich, 1860 Munich and SpVgg Unterhaching in the Bundesliga, 2. Bundesliga, and 3. Liga respectively, which are the top three leagues in the German football league system.

Basketball[]

FC Bayern Munich Basketball currently playing in Beko Basket Bundesliga.

Hockey[]

The city's ice hockey club is EHC Munich.

Olympics[]

Munich has also hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics and was one of the host cities for the 2006 Football World Cup which was not held in Munich's Olympic Stadium but in a new football specific stadium, the Allianz Arena.

Munich bid to host the 2018 Winter Olympic Games but lost to Pyeongchang.^[19] In September 2011 the DOSB President Thomas Bach confirmed that Munich would bid again for the Winter Olympics in the future.^[20]

Culture[]

Language[]

The Austro-Bavarian language is also spoken in and around Munich, with its variety Upper Bavarian (Oberbayrisch). Austro-Bavarian has no official status by the Bavarian authorities or local government yet is recognised by the SIL and has its own ISO-639 code.

Museums[]

The Deutsches Museum or German Museum, located on an island in the River Isar, is the largest and one of the oldest science museums in the world. Three redundant exhibition buildings which are under a protection order were converted to house the Verkehrsmuseum, which houses the land transport collections of the Deutsches Museum. Deutsches Museum's Flugwerft Schleissheim flight exhibition centre is located nearby, on the Schleissheim Special Landing Field.Several non-centralised museums (many of those are public collections at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität) show the expanded state collections of palaeontology, geology, mineralogy,^[21]zoology, botany and anthropology.

The city has several important art galleries, most of which can be found in the Kunstareal, including the Alte Pinakothek, the Neue Pinakothek, the Pinakothek der Moderne and the Museum Brandhorst. Alte Pinakothek's monolithic structure contains a treasure trove of the works of European masters between the 14th and 18th centuries. The collection reflects the eclectic tastes of the Wittelsbachs over four centuries, and is sorted by schools over two sprawling floors. Major displays include Albrecht Dürer's Christ-like Self-Portrait, his Four Apostles, Raphael's paintingsThe Canigiani Holy Family andMadonna Tempi as well as Peter Paul Rubens two-storey-high Judgment Day. The gallery houses one of the world's most comprehensive Rubens collections. Before World War I, the Blaue Reiter group of artists worked in Munich. Many of their works can now be seen at the Lenbachhaus.An important collection of Greek and Roman art is held in the Glyptothek and the Staatliche Antikensammlung (State Antiquities Collection). King Ludwig I managed to acquire such famous pieces as the Medusa Rondanini, the Barberini Faun and figures from the Temple of Aphaea on Aegina for the Glyptothek. The Kunstareal will be further augmented by the completion of the Egyptian Museum.

The famous gothic Morris dancers of Erasmus Grasser are exhibited in the Munich City Museum in the old gothic arsenal building in the inner city.

Another area for the arts next to the Kunstareal is the Lehel quarter between the old town and the river Isar: The State Museum of Ethnology in Maximilianstraße is the second largest collection in Germany of artifacts and objects from outside Europe, while the Bavarian National Museum and the adjoining Bavarian State Archaeological Collection in Prinzregentenstrasse rank among Europe's major art and cultural history museums. The nearby Schackgalerie is an important gallery of German 19th-century paintings.

The former Dachau concentration camp is 16 km (10 mi) outside the city.

Arts and literature[]

Munich is a major European cultural centre and has played host to many prominent composers including Orlando di Lasso, W.A. Mozart, Carl Maria von Weber, Richard Wagner, Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss, Max Reger and Carl Orff. With the Munich Biennale founded by Hans Werner Henze, and the A*DEvantgarde festival, the city still contributes to modern music theatre.

The Nationaltheater where several of Richard Wagner's operas had their premieres under the patronage of Ludwig II of Bavaria is the home of the Bavarian State Opera and the Bavarian State Orchestra. Next door the modern Residenz Theatre was erected in the building that had housed the Cuvilliés Theatre before World War II. Many operas were staged there, including the premiere of Mozart's 'Idomeneo' in 1781. The Gärtnerplatz Theatre is a ballet and musical state theatre while another opera house the Prinzregententheater has become the home of the Bavarian Theatre Academy.The modern Gasteig center houses the Munich Philharmonic Orchestra. The third orchestra in Munich with international importance is the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra. Its primary concert venue is the Herkulesaal in the former city royal residence, the Residenz. A stage for shows, big events and musicals is the Deutsche Theater. It is Germany's largest theatre for guest performances.

Next to the Bavarian Staatsschauspiel in the Residenz Theatre (Residenztheater), the Munich Kammerspiele in the Schauspielhaus is one of the most important German language theatres in the world. Since Gotthold Ephraim Lessing's premieres in 1775 many important writers have staged their plays in Munich such as Christian Friedrich Hebbel, Henrik Ibsen and Hugo von Hofmannsthal.

The city is known as the second largest publishing center in the world (around 250 publishing houses have offices in the city), and many national and international publications are published in Munich, such as Arts in Munich, LAXMag and Prinz.

Prominent literary figures worked in Munich especially during the final centuries of the Kingdom of Bavaria such as Paul Heyse, Max Halbe, Rainer Maria Rilke and Frank Wedekind.The period immediately before World War I saw economic and cultural prominence for the city. Munich, and especially its suburb of Schwabing, became the domicile of many artists and writers. Thomas Mann, who also lived there, wrote ironically in his novella Gladius Dei about this period, 'Munich shone'. It remained a centre of cultural life during the Weimar period with figures such as Lion Feuchtwanger, Bertolt Brecht and Oskar Maria Graf. In 1919 the Bavaria Film Studios were founded.

From the Gothic to the Baroque era, the fine arts were represented in Munich by artists like Erasmus Grasser, Jan Polack, Johann Baptist Straub, Ignaz Günther, Hans Krumpper, Ludwig von Schwanthaler, Cosmas Damian Asam, Egid Quirin Asam, Johann Baptist Zimmermann, Johann Michael Fischer and François de Cuvilliés.Munich had already become an important place for painters like Carl Rottmann, Lovis Corinth, Wilhelm von Kaulbach, Carl Spitzweg, Franz von Lenbach, Franz von Stuck and Wilhelm Leibl when Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider), a group of expressionist artists, was established in Munich in 1911. The city was home to the Blue Rider's painters Paul Klee, Wassily Kandinsky, Alexej von Jawlensky, Gabriele Münter, Franz Marc, August Macke and Alfred Kubin.

Hofbräuhaus and Oktoberfest[]

The Hofbräuhaus am Platzl, arguably the most famous beer hall worldwide, is located in the city centre. It also operates the second largest tent at the Oktoberfest, one of Munich's most famous attractions. For two weeks, the Oktoberfest attracts millions of people visiting its beer tents ('Bierzelte') and fairground attractions. The Oktoberfest was first held on 12 October 1810 in honour of the marriage of crown prince Ludwig to Princess Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen. The festivities were closed with a horse race and in the following years the horse races were continued and later developed into what is now known as the Oktoberfest. Despite its name, most of Oktoberfest occurs in September. It always finishes on the first Sunday in October unless the German national holiday on 3 October ('Tag der deutschen Einheit'-Day of German Unity) is a Monday or Tuesday-then the Oktoberfest remains open for these days.

Culinary specialities[]

The Weißwurst ('white sausage') is a Munich speciality. Traditionally eaten only before 12:00 noon—a tradition dating to a time before refrigerators—these morsels are often served with sweet mustard and freshly baked pretzels. Leberkäs, Bavarian baked sausage loaf, often served with potato salad, is another delicacy of the region.

The most famous soup might be the Leberknödel Soup. Leberknödel is a bread dumpling seasoned with liver and onions.

Schweinsbraten (pot roasted pork) with Knödel (dumplings made from potatoes or white bread) and Kraut (cabbage) or a Schweinshaxe (pork knuckle) are served as lunch or dinner. Beuscherl, a plate of lung, heart and spleen is also served with dumplings.

Popular desserts include Apfelstrudel (apple strudel) with vanilla sauce, Millirahmstrudel (a cream cheese strudel), Dampfnudeln (yeast dumplings served with custard) and Auszogene, a fried pastry shaped like a large doughnut without a hole. One of the most famous specialties is the Prinzregententorte created in honour of the 19th-century prince regent Luitpold.

Some specialities are typical cold dishes served in beergardens: Obatzda is a Bavarian cheese delicacy, a savoury blend of smashed mellow camembert prepared with cream cheese, cut onions and spicy paprika (and sometimes some butter). It's often served in the beer gardens along with Radi, white radish cut in thin slices and salted, and Münchner Wurstsalat, Munich's famous sausage salad with thinly sliced Knackwurst marinated in vinegar and oil with onions on a bed of lettuce. Popular grilled meals include Steckerlfisch which is usually Mackerel, but may also be a local fish, such as trout or whitefish, speared on a wooden stick, grilled and smoked on charcoal—the typical feature is the crispy skin. Another classic is A hoibs Hendl (half a grilled chicken). A Mass (die Maß) is a litre of beer, a Radler consists of half beer and half lemonade.

Local beers[]

Munich is famous for its breweries and the Weissbier (or Weizenbier, wheat beer) is a speciality from Bavaria. Helles with its translucent gold colour is the most popular Munich beer today, although it’s not old (only introduced in 1895). Helles and Pils have almost ousted the Munich Dark Beer (Dunkles), which gets its dark colour from burnt malt, the most popular beer in Munich within the 19th century. Starkbier is the strongest Munich beer, containing 6–9 percent alcohol. It is dark amber and has a heavy malty taste. It is available and popular during the Lenten Starkbierzeit (strong beer season), which begins on or before St. Joseph’s Day (19 March). There are around 20 major beer gardens, with four of the most famous and popular being located in the Englischer Garten and the largest one in the Hirschgarten.

• Augustiner Bräu
• Hacker-Pschorr
• Hofbräu
• Löwenbräu
• Paulaner
• Spaten-Franziskaner-Bräu

Markets[]

The Viktualienmarkt is Munich's most popular market for fresh food and delicatessen. A very old feature of Munich's Fasching (carnival) is the dance of the Marktfrauen (market women) of the Viktualienmarkt in comical costumes.

The Auer Dult is held three times a year on the square around Mariahilf church and is one of Munich's oldest markets, well known for its hardware, trinkets and antiques.

Three weeks before Christmas the Christkindlmarkt opens at Marienplatz and other squares in the city, selling Christmas goods.

Nightlife[]

Nightlife in Munich is thriving with over 6,000 licensed establishments in the city, especially in Schwabing, which is still the main quarter for students and artists. Some notable establishments are:

• the touristy Hofbräuhaus, one of the oldest breweries in Munich, located in the city centre near Tal
• Kultfabrik (formerly known as Kunstpark Ost) and Optimolwerke, former industrial compounds converted to host many different discos and pubs
• Munich's gay quarter is located in the borough Isarvorstadt, surrounding the Staatstheater am Gärtnerplatz, and is also known as the Glockenbachviertel

Circus[]

The Circus Krone is based in Munich, it is one of the largest circus in Europe^[22] and one of the few in Western Europe to also occupy a building.

Colleges and universities[]

Munich is a leading location for science and research with a long list of Nobel Prize laureates from Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1901 to Theodor Hänsch in 2005. Munich has become a spiritual centre already since the times of Emperor Louis IV when philosophers like Michael of Cesena, Marsilius of Padua and William of Ockham were protected at the emperor's court. The Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) and the Technische Universität München (TU or TUM), were two of the first three German universities to be awarded the title elite university by a selection committee composed of academics and members of the Ministries of Education and Research of the Federation and the German states (Länder). Only the two Munich universities and the Technical University of Karlsruhe (now part of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology) have held this honour, and the implied greater chances of attracting research funds, since the first evaluation round in 2006.

• Akademie der Bildenden Künste München, founded in 1808
• Bundeswehr University Munich, founded in 1973 (located in Neubiberg)
• Deutsche Journalistenschule, founded in 1959
• Hochschule für Musik und Theater München, founded in 1830
• International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Life Sciences[3]
• International School of Management[4]
• Katholische Stiftungsfachhochschule München, founded in 1971
• Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), founded in 1472 in Ingolstadt, moved to Munich in 1826
• Munich Business School (MBS), founded in 1991
• Munich Intellectual Property Law Center (MIPLC)
• Munich School of Philosophy, founded in 1925 in Pullach, moved to Munich in 1971
• Munich School of Political Science
• Munich University of Applied Sciences (HM), founded in 1971
• Pionierschule und Fachschule des Heeres für Bautechnik
• Technical University of Munich (TUM), founded in 1868
• Ukrainian Free University, founded in 1921 (from 1945 – in Munich)
• University of Television and Film Munich (Hochschule für Fernsehen und Film), founded in 1966

Scientific research institutions[]

Max Planck Society[]

The Max Planck Society, an independent German non-profit research organization, has its administrative headquarters in Munich. The following institutes are located in the Munich area:

• Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Garching
• Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried
• Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching
• Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Social Law, München
• Max Planck Institute for Intellectual Property, Competition and Tax Law, München
• Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried
• Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Andechs-Erling (Biological Rhythms and Behaviour), Radolfzell, Seewiesen (Reproductive Biology and Behaviour)[5]
• Max Planck Institute for Physics (Werner Heisenberg Institute), München
• Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching (also in Greifswald)
• Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, München
• Max Planck Institute for Psychological Research, München (closed)
• Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching

Other research institutes[]

• Botanische Staatssammlung München, a notable herbarium
• CESifo, theoretical and applied research in economics and finance
• Doerner Institute
• European Southern Observatory
• Fraunhofer Institute
• Helmholtz Zentrum München

Economy[]

Munich has the strongest economy of any German city^[23] and the lowest unemployment rate (5.6%) of any German city with more than a million people (the others being Berlin, Hamburg and Cologne).^[24][25] The city is also the economic centre of southern Germany. The initiative “Neue Soziale Marktwirtschaft (INSM)” (New Social Market Economy) and the “WirtschaftsWoche” (Business Weekly) magazine awarded Munich the top score in their comparative survey for the third time in June 2006. Munich topped the ranking of the magazine “Capital” in February 2005 for the economic prospects between 2002 and 2011 in sixty German cities. Munich is considered a global city and holds the headquarters of Siemens AG (electronics), BMW (car), MAN AG (truck manufacturer, engineering), Linde (gases), Allianz (insurance), Munich Re (re-insurance), and Rohde & Schwarz (electronics). Among German cities with more than 500,000 inhabitants purchasing power is highest in Munich (26,648 euro per inhabitant) as of 2007.^[26] In 2006, Munich blue-collar workers enjoyed an average hourly wage of 18.62 euro (ca. $ 23).^[27]

The breakdown by cities proper (not metropolitan areas) of Global 500 cities listed Munich in 8th position in 2009.^[28]Munich is also a centre for biotechnology, software and other service industries. Munich is also the home of the headquarters of many other large companies such as the aircraft engine manufacturer MTU Aero Engines, the injection molding machine manufacturer Krauss-Maffei, the camera and lighting manufacturer Arri, the semiconductor firm Infineon Technologies (headquartered in the suburban town of Neubiberg), lighting giant Osram, as well as the German or European headquarters of many foreign companies such as McDonald’s and Microsoft.

Munich has significance as a financial centre (second only to Frankfurt), being home of HypoVereinsbank and the Bayerische Landesbank. It outranks Frankfurt though as home of insurance companies such as Allianz and Munich Re .

Munich is the largest publishing city in Europe^[29] and home to Süddeutsche Zeitung, one of Germany's largest daily newspapers. The city is also the location of the programming headquarters of Germany's largest public broadcasting network, ARD, while the largest commercial network, Pro7-Sat1 Media AG, is headquartered in the suburb of Unterföhring. The headquarters of the German branch of Random House, the world's largest publishing house, and of Burda publishing group are also in Munich.

The Bavaria Film Studios are located in the suburb of Grünwald. They are one of Europe's biggest and most famous film production studios.^[30]

Top 10 Largest Companies in Munich (2013)^[31][]

• Allianz SE
• Münchener Rückversicherungs-Gesellschaft AG
• Siemens AG
• Linde AG
• LfA Förderbank Bayern
• Bayern-Versicherung Lebensversicherung AG
• MAN SE
• Oberbank AG, Niederlassung Deutschland
• Stadtsparkasse München
• Swiss Life AG, Niederlassung für Deutschland

Transportation[]

Munich International Airport[]

Franz Josef Strauss International Airport (IATA: MUC, ICAO: EDDM) is the second-largest airport in Germany and seventh-largest in Europe after London Heathrow, Paris Charle de Gaulle, Frankfurt, Amsterdam, Madrid and Istanbul Atatürk. It is used by about 34 million passengers a year, and lies some 30 km (19 mi) north east of the city centre. The airport can be reached by suburban train lines S8 from the east and S1 from the west of the city. From the main railway station the journey takes 40–45 minutes. An express train will be added that will cut down travel time to 20–25 minutes with limited stops on dedicated tracks. A magnetic levitation train (called Transrapid), which was to have run at speeds of up to 400 km/h (249 mph) from the central station to the airport in a travel time of 10 minutes, had been approved,^[32] but was cancelled in March 2008 because of cost escalation and after heavy protests.^[33]Lufthansa opened its second hub at the airport when Terminal 2 was opened in 2003.

The airport began operations in 1992, replacing the former main airport, the Munich-Riem airport (active 1939–1992).

Other airports[]

In 2008, the Bavarian state government granted a license to expand Oberpfaffenhofen Air Station located west of Munich, for commercial use. These plans were opposed by many residents in the Oberpfaffenhofen area as well as other branches of local Government, including the city of Munich, which took the case to court.^[34] However, in October 2009, the permit allowing up to 9725 business flights per year to depart from or land at Oberpfaffenhofen was confirmed by a regional judge.^[35]

Despite being 110 km (68 mi) from Munich, Memmingen Airport has been advertised as Airport Munich West. After 2005, passenger traffic of nearby Augsburg Airport was relocated to Munich Airport, leaving the Augsburg region of Bavaria without an air passenger airport within close reach.

Public transportation[]

For its urban population of 2.6 million people, Munich and its closest suburbs have one of the most comprehensive and punctual systems in the world, incorporating the Munich U-Bahn (underground railway), the Munich S-Bahn (suburban trains), trams and buses. The system is supervised by the Munich Transport and Tariff Association (Münchner Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund GmbH). The Munich tramway is the oldest existing public transportation system in the city, which has been in operation since 1876. Munich also has an extensive network of bus lines.

The extensive network of subway and tram lines assist and complement pedestrian movement in the city centre. The 700m-long Kaufinger Strasse, which starts near the Main train station, forms a pedestrian east-west spine that traverses almost the entire centre. Similarly, Weinstrasse leads off northwards to the Hofgarten. These major spines and many smaller streets cover an extensive area of the centre that can be enjoyed on foot and bike. The transformation of the historic area into a pedestrian priority zone enables and invites walking and biking by making these active modes of transport comfortable, safe and enjoyable. These attributes result from applying the principle of 'filtered permability' which selectively restricts the number of roads that run through the centre. While certain streets are discontinuous for cars, they connect to a network of pedestrian and bike paths which permeate the entire centre. In addition, these paths go through public squares and open spaces increasing the enjoyment of the trip(see image). The logic of filtering a mode of transport is fully expressed in a comprehensive model for laying out neighbourhoods and districts—the Fused Grid.

The main railway station is Munich Hauptbahnhof, in the city centre, and there are two smaller main line stations at Pasing, in the west of the city, and Munich Ostbahnhof in the east. All three are connected to the public transport system and serve as transportation hubs.

ICE highspeed trains stop at Munich-Pasing and Munich-Hauptbahnhof only. InterCity and EuroCity trains to destinations east of Munich also stop at Munich East. Since 28 May 2006 Munich has been connected to Nuremberg via Ingolstadt by the 300 km/h (186 mph) Nuremberg–Munich high-speed railway line.

The trade fair transport logistic is held every two years at the Neue Messe München (Messe München International).

Individual transportation[]

Munich is an integral part of the motorway network of southern Germany. Motorways from Stuttgart (W), Nuremberg, Frankfurt and Berlin (N), Deggendorf and Passau (E), Salzburg and Innsbruck (SE), Garmisch Partenkirchen (S) and Lindau (SW) terminate at Munich, allowing direct access to the different parts of Germany, Austria and Italy.

However, traffic in and around Munich is often heavy. Traffic jams are commonplace during rush hour and at the beginning and end of major holidays in Germany, in no small part due to poor traffic light changing patterns (few 'green waves') and few roundabouts. Another contribution factor is the lack of a proper ring road. This function is incompletely fullfilled by the mittlere Ring, a system of loosely connected, traffic light filled streets, which is a ring road in name only.

Cycling[]

Cycling is recognized as a good alternative to motorized transport and the growing number of bicycle lanes are widely used throughout the year. They are mostly not segregated from pedestrian paths, making them dangerous to both parties. They are also often of low quality surfacing, being partly destroyed by the roots of trees planted between them and the road beside it; the road is rarely so affected. The narrow paths which are usually longer than the road due to many detours around objects, coupled with the presence of pedestrians, make the cycle network useful only to very slow riders.

A modern bike hire system is available in the central area of Munich that is surrounded by the Mittlerer Ring.

Around Munich[]

The Munich agglomeration sprawls across the plain of the Alpine foothills comprising about 2.6 million inhabitants. Several smaller traditional Bavarian towns and cities like Dachau, Freising, Erding, Starnberg, Landshut and Moosburg are today part of the Greater Munich Region, formed by Munich and the surrounding districts, making up the Munich Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about 4.5 million people.^[36]

International relations[]

Munich is twinned with the following cities (date of agreement shown in parentheses).^[37]

• Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom(1954)^[38][39]
• Verona, Italy (1960)^[40]
• Bordeaux, France (1964)^[41][42]
• Sapporo, Japan (1972)
• Cincinnati, Ohio, United States (1989)
• Kiev, Ukraine (1989)
• Harare, Zimbabwe (1996)

Famous people[]

Born in Munich[]

Famous residents[]

References[]

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2. ^Names of European cities in different languages: M–P#M
3. ^http://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/Stadtinfos/Statistik/Bev-lkerung.html
4. ^Official Munich Tourism Site
5. ^Landeshauptstadt München - München Mag Dich
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11. ^[1] Mercer Human Resource Consulting
12. ^2007 Cost of Living Report Munich Mercer Human Resource Consulting
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18. ^http://www.munichsl.com/ Munich in SL
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20. ^[2]
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25. ^Artikel empfehlen: (27 September 2010). 'Endlich amtlich: Köln ist Millionenstadt'. Koeln.de. http://www.koeln.de/koeln/die_domstadt/endlich_amtlich_koeln_ist_millionenstadt_367287.html. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
26. ^'In Hesse the purchasing power is highest in Germany – CyberPress'. Just4business.eu. http://www.just4business.eu/2007/07/in-hesse-the-purchasing-power-is-highest-in-germany/. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
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38. ^'Edinburgh – Twin and Partner Cities'. 2008 The City of Edinburgh Council, City Chambers, High Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1YJ Scotland. Archived from the original on 28 March 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080328001653/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/city_living/CEC_twin_and_partner_cities. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
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External links[]

• Munich Tourist Office – up-to-date information for visitors
• Münchner Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund – public transport network
• Munichfound – magazine for English speaking Münchners
• Destination Munich – An online guide
• Munich Airport – Official Website Franz Josef Strauss Airport
• münchen.tv - local TV Station

Photos

• Munich City Panoramas – Panoramic Views and virtual Tours
• Globosapiens Travel Community – Travel Tips
• Tales from Toytown – Photos of Munich

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